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What the causes and effects of vibration are? How to resolve them?
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In this article we will explore the topic of vibration in the turning and boring phase of a mechanical component, analyzing its causes and effects. We will then move on to the definition of the solutions useful for containing this phenomenon.
The term vibration refers to a mechanical oscillation around an equilibrium point. Vibrations are an undesirable phenomenon in mechanics; in fact, they cause energy dispersion and create unwanted sounds and noises. Vibrations can also cause damage to the tool, the machinery and the workpiece.
Noise and vibrations are caused by three main factors:
The basic approach to vibration control during machining is to increase the stiffness of the system elements. To limit unwanted movements, the machine tool must be built with rigid and heavy structural elements, reinforced with concrete or other vibration absorption material such as cast iron. Machine bearings and bushings must have close tolerances and be robust.
To maximize rigidity, a boring or turning bar should be as short as possible, but long enough to access the depth of the hole or component. The diameter of the boring bar should be as large as the diameter of the hole allows, still allowing for efficient chip evacuation.
As the chips form and break, the cutting forces increase and decrease. These variations become a source of vibrations, which in turn can create a resonance on the natural frequency of the tool holder or machine, thus becoming self-powered or even increasing. Other sources of vibration are worn tools or tools that do not make a deep enough pass. These cause process instability or resonance at the same natural frequency as the spindle or tool generating unwanted vibrations.
A long boring bar or a large overhang of the turning bar can cause vibrations in the machine. The basic approach to vibration control involves the use of short, stiff tools. The greater the ratio of bar length to diameter, the greater the possibility of vibrations occurring.
The different materials of the bars offer different behavior. Steel bars are generally vibration resistant up to a 4:1 bar ratio (length:diameter). Heavy metal bars, made from tungsten alloys, are denser than steel and can handle L:D ratios of up to 6:1. Solid carbide bars offer increased stiffness and allow L:D ratios up to 8:1. The latter type of bars, however, has the disadvantage of a high cost, especially on large bars.
An alternative way to tackle the vibration problem is to use an adjustable damping bar. This tool features an internal resonant mass damper, designed to resonate out of phase with unwanted vibrations, absorb energy and minimize vibration amplitude. The STMD system® by MAQ AB, for example, has a self-adjusting vibration damper consisting of a mass of high-density material suspended inside the tool holder bar by means of axial-radial damping elements. The mass damper immediately absorbs the vibration as it is transmitted from the cutting tool to the bar body.
An active vibration control, more complex and expensive, is made with electronic devices capable of detecting vibrations and with secondary actuators, also electronic, to produce a vibrational motion in the tool holder to cancel the unwanted motion induced by the machining.
The workpieces must be positioned accurately and securely locked inside the machine tool. Clamping elements must be designed with primary concern for simplicity and rigidity, and they must also be positioned as close as possible to the cutting operations. Thin-walled, welded, or unsupported regions of the part are subject to vibration when machined. These regions should be re-designed to improve stiffness.
To minimize the tendencies to vibrations, some machining strategies can be adopted:
Less radial force results in less radial deflection and fewer vibration problems. For best results, it is preferable to use a radial depth of cut greater than the nose radius when using a 90° entering angle (0° lead angle). If the radial depth of cut is smaller, a 45° entering angle gives the same results.
An entering angle as close to 90° as possible (0° lead angle) maximizes the portion of the feed force returning from the machined workpiece in the axial direction. A force in the axial direction generates less deflection of the tool than equal forces in the radial direction.
For internal turning, the entering angle must never be less than 75° (lead angle 15 °).
The more positive the rake angle, the less cutting forces are required to machine the component. Lower cutting forces mean less deflection.
Less force in the radial direction results in less radial deflection.
Deep boring differs from other machining in that the cutting edge operates in the hole at a large distance from the connection to the machine. Deep internal turning has similar conditions and both of these operations, boring and turning, may have to machine holes with interrupted cuts, as is the case with pump or compressor housings. Tool overhang is dictated by the depth of the hole and can cause deflection of the boring bar or extended length turning tool.
Bending increases the varying forces of the cutting process and can cause vibrations and chatters that degrade the surface quality of the part, quickly wear or break tools, and damage machine tool components, such as spindles. Variable forces arise from imbalances of machine components, lack of system rigidity or induced vibrations of system elements. Cutting pressures also change as the tool undergoes load and unload cycles as chips form and break. Negative effects of vibration include poor surface finish, inaccurate hole sizes, rapid tool wear, reduced stock removal rates, increased manufacturing costs, and damage to tool holders and machine tools.
The self-tuning harmonic absorber technology (Self Tuning Mass Damper, or STMD) is the best technology available today. The basic concept of “mass dumper” has been known for years and applied in many sectors: skyscrapers, bridges, tools, machinery, and more.
The technological innovation brought to the market by the Swedish company MAQ AB, which holds international patents, lies in the system’s ability to adapt to the natural vibration frequency of the machine-tool assembly. This frequency is in fact dictated by innumerable factors (the type of floor, the anchoring of the machine tool, the state of wear of the spindle bearings, the coupling tolerances of the tool holder system, and so on); two identical machines, which mount the same tool at the same projection, will certainly have different vibration frequencies. This ability to adapt to the vibration frequency allows MAQ AB tools to achieve optimal performance at any tool exposure. That is, the user does not have to make any calibration and the tool always behaves in the best way, regardless of the relationship between the exposed length and the diameter of the bar used.
Gaspari Utensili is the official distributor of MAQ AB anti-vibration bars for Italy. A standard bars catalog can be downloaded here. We can also make special bars on request, up to ø500 mm and length 10Xd, developed on a specific project.